Gender Roles in Different Cultures - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 779 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Gender Roles Essay Did you like this example? Gender roles in society have existed for thousands of years and have been essential to the survival of humans. For instance, women in Native American tribes would go out and gather materials, care for the children, make clothing, and prepare the food needed for the tribe in order to survive. Men were expected to go out and hunt wild game, fighting in wars against neighboring tribes and colonizers, crafting tools for said wars, and building. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gender Roles in Different Cultures" essay for you Create order This is only a snippet of what gender roles are in a specific society. Gender roles are very subjective in this day and age because of the progressiveness in our civilization. DEFINITION: Gender roles can be described as the way we act around others in our communities, speak, dress, and behave according to the sex we had been assigned at birth. In the Western culture of within the United States, females are usually expected to act with class, speak properly, be polite, and just be genuinely feminine. For men, they are expected to exert hyper-masculinity by being aggressive, showing strength, and being macho. However, this specific set of rules for women and men is very subjective and applies to most of the Western world. Countries in the Middle East, like Saudi Arabia, have strict gender roles. Women in particular are expected to conduct themselves in a certain way or they face the risk of dishonoring their family and even risk punishments as harsh as death. RESEARCH: Women in Middle Eastern countries rarely are able to participate in politics, walk the streets on their own, or marry who they please. These are the roles of most Middle Eastern women. Only in recent years have some of these expectations have changed. In 2015, Saudi Arabia passed a law stating that women have the right to vote and that same year they were able to run in elections like their male counterparts. Six years later a woman was finally appointed as a government minister. As for marriage, men are able to have multiple wives, but women are not. Divorce for men is as easy as saying I divorce you three times, literally that is how men in Saudi Arabia divorce their wives, but for women the process of divorce is long and painful. The woman loses custody of her sons and/or daughters, if they are a certain age, to her ex-husband. Completely opposite of the gender role ideology of the Islamic society is Ancient Egypt. Women and men were equals and respected the same. Women had the same rights as men. Both sexes held similar positions of power. Of course women were most likely to cook and make clothing while men went out and fought in wars and provide food, but they were still respected in their roles. A woman could be a pharaoh just like a man could. Instead of major gender roles, there were classes. In just about each class the roles between women and men were respected equally APPLICATION: Gender roles definitely play vital role in my life. As a teenage female, I am not allowed to do the same things that teenage males are able to do, for safety reasons. Growing up I wasnt allowed to spend the night with a female friend if she had older brothers. I always had to tell my mother of my new friends family members, who lived with them, and what their gender was. I understood that she was worried about me being taken advantage of, but it was honestly annoying. Girls being overpowered by men. An unfortunate gender role norm for me at that age. Another gender role norm for me is that I am not allowed to walk certain places by myself. I frequently visit North Carolina Central University on the weekends and I must admit that the surrounding area is known for being a little sketchy and dangerous at night. Im not allowed to walk alone around that area so I have to have my boyfriend walk me to and from certain places on campus. 91% of rape victims are female. My chances of being ass aulted, trafficked, and/or abducted are too high to walk the streets alone at night. Thats my gender role norm. If I were a boy that would be different and even my mother said so. As a young woman, my gender role is much different than that of my brothers and/or fathers. I have to be protected 24/7. I have to be alert at all times. I have to face the fact that as a female I am more vulnerable in todays society and I have to be aware of my surroundings majority of the time just to stay safe.

Adolf Hitler And Joseph Goebbels, The Minister Of Propaganda

Hitler’s rise to power in Germany took more than his inspirational speeches and brute strength. The Nazi Party embraced the use of a powerful weapon and used it carefully to win over the minds of the German Population: Propaganda. They convinced a substantial portion of the German population that they were the superior race and that the Jews were the cause of their destruction. To discover how this was done, one must explore the intricate tactics used by Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels, the Minister of Propaganda. The main goal was to institute the value of Volksgemeinschaft, or people’s community, into the German culture. He made sure that the Nazi philosophy was infused into all cultural mediums, making it practically impossible to†¦show more content†¦The country was also facing a terrible economic depression resulting from the war, as well as over-inflation (Welch, 2002). It is probable that the population were already looking for a leader that would unify the country, and convince them that their problems were not the fault of their own; They needed a leader that would fix the country’s economic crisis and make them a powerful force in the world once again. The Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, or the National Socialist German Workers’ Party met those needs. One of the crucial goals of Nazi Propaganda was to promote the value of Volksgemeinschaft. Translated to â€Å"people’s community,† Hitler promoted the idea that the needs of the community supersede the needs of the individual. Germany faced problems and victories as one people, united. This value, if instilled in the culture of Germany, would create a sense of belonging to a pure community, and destroy the feeling of alienation between German citizens. No matter one’s status, job, or position, all Germans were a part of the broader â€Å"Volksgemeinschaft† (Welch, 2002). Of course, the unification of the German population would mean that there were people outside of the â€Å"people’s community.† There were a couple of different classes that were seen as â€Å"impure† and dangerous to the â€Å"National Community. Jews were a part of the most disdained people in the German society. Hitler realized the necessity of the political unity around theShow MoreRelatedNazi Germany, The Power Of Language1286 Words   |  6 Pagesbeliefs through the information they possess (Nazi propaganda, 2016). If German citizens at the time were allowed to read these books, they may have been reminded of the world outside Nazi Germany and gained insight as to how Jewish people were the same as them. This understanding could have led to a shift of support and caused a revolution, overthrowing the Nazi party from power. Therefore in order for Hitler to maintain power he created propaganda such as Source one, which demonstrates that booksRead MoreAdolf Hitler s Influence On The World1802 Words   |   8 PagesDuring the 1930s, Adolf Hitler rose to power in the morally and economically broken country of Germany then lead the nation into what was to be known as the â€Å"Third Reich†. Hitler, along with his fellow party members, were able to take over the country at an unfathomable pace along an approval rate that has never been seen before. Adolf was able to consume the support of the nation with the influential effect of his propaganda. The results of his propaganda trump any seen before in the history ofRead MoreHitler s Influence On The World1986 Words   |  8 PagesDuring the 1930’s, Adolf Hitler rose to power in the morally and economically broken country of Germany and lead the nation into what was to be known as the â€Å"Third Reich†. Hitler, along with his fellow party members, was able to take over the country at an unfathomable pace along with a societal approval rate that has never been seen before. Adolf was able to consume the support of the nat ion with the influential effect of his propaganda. The results of his propaganda trump any seen before in theRead MoreThe Nazi Party s Failure Of Convincing The German Population Of Their Ideology Essay2254 Words   |  10 Pagescitizens of their ideology. The Nazi party’s propaganda is considered to be ingenious because of it’s ability to quietly influence the German citizens to the party’s hateful message. The Nazi party was also known to be effective in using the new form of media, film, to influence the younger generation. These claims are untrue because the Nazis were not always successful in influencing German citizens or in the citizens had little faith for propaganda to provide answers. Other citizens flat out didRead MoreWas the Treaty of Versailles the Major Cause of World War Two? 1034 Words   |  4 PagesDepression in Germany. Additionally, the Treaty of Versailles’ war guilt clause forced Germans to admit full responsibility for starting t he war. Furthermore, to gain the support of the German populace, Adolf Hitler adopted an effective propaganda campaign. Adolf Hitler employed a successful propaganda campaign to gain the support of the German people combined with the Treaty of Versailles harsh economic and political sanctions ignited World War Two. As the end of World War One, Germany was requiredRead MoreWas the Treaty of Versailles the Major Cause of World War Two? 1148 Words   |  5 PagesDepression in Germany. Additionally, the Treaty of Versailles’ war guilt clause forced Germans to admit full responsibility for starting the war. Furthermore, to gain the support of the German populace, Adolf Hitler adopted an effective propaganda campaign. Adolf Hitler employed a successful propaganda campaign to gain the support of the German people combined with the Treaty of Versailles harsh economic and political sanctions ignited World War Two. At the end of World War One, Germany was requiredRead MoreThe Success Of Adolf Hitler2498 Words   |  10 PagesWhat comes to mind when the name Adolf Hitler is mentioned? Megamaniac, a genius in all the wrong ways? Hitler had a vision for Germany. He wanted to eliminate the Jews, make the future of Germany â€Å"brighter;† have a lasting impact on the land that everyone knew. Hitler came to power in 1933 and maintained power until 1945. His main vision was to exterminate all of the Jews or any â€Å"unpure† population that would crowd or get in the way of any of his other goals. Hitler believed that the youth was theRead MoreNazi Propaganda And The World War I1360 Words   |  6 Pagesof Westminster. His other publication is for example The attack on the Altmark: a case study in wartime propaganda. Introduction I chose this book for my book review as I have been always interested in the second world war. I graduated from history and studied everything about Czech Republic in the Second world war on my secondary school. From this reason I chose book Nazi Wireless Propaganda, because I wanted to know something new which I can connect with Journalism and history in term of NaziRead MoreNazi Propaganda Was A Well Know Thing During The Holocaust1800 Words   |  8 PagesNazi Propaganda was a well know thing during the holocaust. Hitler and Joseph Goebbels were the ring leaders. Hitler became the German chancellor, and in March of that year he appointed Goebbels the country’s minister for public enlightenment and propaganda. Goebbels had complete jurisdiction over the content of German newspapers, magazines, books, music, films, stage plays, radio programs and fine arts. His mission was to censor all opposition to Hitler and present the chancellor and the Nazi PartyRead MoreFranz Richard Wagner s Influence On Society1430 Words   |  6 Pages† While his ideology was not the first part of Wagner that Hitler took a liking to, it became a defining factor in Hitler’s perspective on society during the reign of the â€Å"Thousand Year Reich†. During Hitler’s teenage years while on a trip to Lintz, Austria in 1901, the young Adolf first came into contact with the works of the mesmerizing Wagner(CITATION). The story claims that after searching for hours for a ticket to the opera, Hitler managed to get his hands on one and once inside the doors history

Forced Sterilization Free Essays

Markeisha A. Knott History of Medicine in the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Forced Sterilization or any similar topic only for you Order Now – Class 421 Forced Sterilization Throughout history there have always been circumstances where the government has required citizens to undergo some sort of medical procedure. Even though some of these procedures were commonplace in the past, they are now considered ethically wrong. Forced sterilization is an example of this, because it denies a woman of the ability to bare children, and denies a man the ability to inseminate. Sterilization is defined as ‘the act of making an organism barren or infertile (unable to reproduce)’. When most people hear the words ‘forced sterilization’ the first thing that often comes to mind are the Nazis. In the 1930’s the Nazis introduced a massive, compulsory sterilization of a large segment of the German population (Rosenberg, Jennifer). The government believed that the Germans with the best genes had been killed off in the Second World War, while those with the worse genes stayed behind and didn’t fight, and were then free to procreate more of their ‘bad genes’. Believing that that the preservation of the optimal German genes were more important that an individual’s rights, the government had the authority to do whatever it took to preserve these optimal genes. However, Germany was not the first country to perform forced sterilization (Rosenberg, Jennifer). Even though in the United States we tend to overlook this as something that did not happen, it did. It is part of our past, and will always be part of American history. During the 1900’s the United States had a eugenics program in which the purpose was to attempt to perfect the gene pool, with the idea that if society’s degenerates, like criminals and the mentally ill were barred from having children then society’s problems would disappear (Webster University). American biologists like Charles B. Davenport and Harry H. Laughlin supported the idea of keeping the Anglo-American race pure. Their belief was that most ailments and social problems were hereditary, like poverty and criminality (Piotrowski, Crista). Therefore, people with ‘good enes’ should be encouraged to pass on their genes by having more children, while those with ‘bad genes’ should be barred from reproducing. There were many types of people who fell under the label of being genetically inferior. This included epileptics, manic-depressives, prostitutes, alcoholics, the homeless, and criminals. People who fell under any one of these categori es or who caught the negative attention of authorities were deemed ‘feeble-minded’ by the court, and were legally forced to undergo sterilization (Piotrowski, Crista). Several other countries used forced sterilization as well, though for different reasons. Peru, for example, was faced with a large population jump and not enough resources to support all the people. So they came up with a solution: making a target number of the amount of people to e sterilized every year, which would effectively lower the population if the plan worked. n 1996, it was 100,000. It was not met that year, but the target for the next year was increased to 130,000 and in that year, the quota was met. Even though sterilization can be performed on both men and women, it is mostly women who are victims of forced sterilization since they are the one who actually have babies (Webster University). About 40 years ago in North Carolina, it wasn’t uncommon that a single mother on welfare, or a mental patient in a hospital to be forcibly and unknowingly sterilized against their will. Of course at the time, over half of all the states in the U. S. had eugenics laws well into the 1970’s (Rose, Julie). North Carolina is currently thinking of compensating the victims of forced sterilization, most of whom were poor and uneducated, blacks and whites alike. One woman, Elaine Riddick, now 57, was sterilized at age fourteen because the state deemed her promiscuous and a trouble maker. Riddick was actually a young girl living in poverty and hunger, and was a victim of rape. While giving birth through C-section to her only son, the product of said rape, the doctors also sterilized her. There was consent form on which Riddick’s illiterate grandmother signed the go-ahead for the procedure with an ‘X’. What’s worse is that Riddick didn’t find about her being sterile until she was married, 19, and trying to have more children. Riddick is just one of the many sharing the same story. Nearly 7,600 men and women as young as 10 have been sterilized in North Carolina. Social workers would coerce women to have the operation under threat of losing their public assistance, because sterilization was viewed as a way to cut spending on public welfare (Julie Rose). Forced sterilization is a procedure that violates several medical ethics, which is defined as a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of  medicine (Wikipedia). This procedure violates three medical ethics: autonomy, beneficence, and non-maleficence. Every patient is given the right to choose or refuse treatment: the right of autonomy. However, forced sterilization doesn’t give the patient the chance or ability to make the decision themselves, because the government chooses for them. Beneficence explains that a doctor must always act on a treatment or procedure that is in the best interest of the patient. Sterilization wasn’t in any way in the best interest of the patients it was performed on. It was only in the best, selfish, interests of the government who wanted to keep the Anglo-American race ‘pure’ and eradicate social problems. Forced sterilization also violates non-maleficence, which simply translates to three words: Do No Harm. Many of the patients that were sterilized underwent the procedure without their own knowledge, not knowing of their barren status until years after when they began to question their failed attempts at having children. I am completely against this concept of the government forcing its citizens to do a medical procedure against their will, or performing it while the patient is unaware of it is beyond inconsiderate. It’s cruel, and plainly said, it’s downright shady. Works Cited â€Å"Medical Ethics. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Dec. 2010. Web. 22 Nov. 011. . Piotrowski, Crista. â€Å"Dark Chapter of American History: U. S. Court Battle Over Forced Sterilization. † Home | Common Dreams. Common Dreams, 21 July 2000. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. . Rosenberg, Jennifer. â€Å"Sterilization. † 20th Century History. About. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. . Rosenberg, Julie. â€Å"North Carolina Considers Compensating Forced Sterilization Victims : NPR. † NPR : Nation al Public Radio : News Analysis, World, US, Music Arts : NPR. 22 June 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Women and Global Human Rights. † Webster University. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. . How to cite Forced Sterilization, Papers

Role of Critical Thinking in Development

Question: Discuss about the Role of Critical Thinking in Development. Answer: Introduction Critical thinking is the ability to consider evidently and logically, and understand on the logical connection between the concepts. This subject continues to be the issue of discussion particularly concerning academic writing. Critical thinking might be thought to be the ability of performing the reflective and the impartial thinking. Critical thinking demands capability to cause. It is focused on being active learners instead of a passive recipient of the facts. Critical thinker thoroughly query on the suggestions and the assumptions and do not just agree on the face value when provided information. An individual should first do research, and verify if the idea, argument or perhaps an investigation is true before accepting the result. It truly is occasionally attempting to believe that academic writing is guided based on homogenous features Writing is a method to show your tutor you have evidently comprehended on the principles. Academic writing supports someone to think, and think ing is exactly what the college is about. It offers food for thought. Developing ones concepts involves acquiring some form of ideas, discover them, make clear, change and even grow them. Academic writing helps one to take all of that activity into the cognizance, helps to clarify and also direct out one thinking, as well as generating more thinking. Academic writing is based on various characteristics some which are as follows: it is formal in nature, objective perspective, responds to wider scholarships claims, critically engaged, references and usually persuasive in nature. The essays aims to describe the purpose of each of the characteristic of academic writing and elaborate on the role of critical thinking in the development of these characteristics. Formal nature. The academic writing is usually nature in formal. The purpose of this characteristic is to make sure that under no circumstance would be academic writing make use of the colloquial expression which are usually considered in nature on a daily basis dialogues that we use have with the friends or perhaps colleagues.It is therefore important to make sure that the degree of formality should be high at all circumstances when undertaking academic writing and always avoid the colloquial words and the expressions. Objective perspective. This characteristic it entails one depending on the subject to be objective. There is little opinion that is required in the academic writing. This characteristic purpose is to enable the writer to be always objective when writing an essay. When one is contributing to an academic debate about an issue, you have your own opinion but you should express it objectively. The academic writing has far less emphasis on the person and more emphasis on what one want to explain. This characteristic helps a writer to understand that the written language is in general more objective rather than being personal. Therefore, few words should refer to the writer or the readers. The emphasis should always been on the information that you want to give and the argument that are being explained on the subject topic of the academic writing. Responds to wider scholarships claims. This characteristic highlights that there is the use of accurate use of vocabulary in the text, which is of must that one, wants to be academic. Wide variety of research is drawn from different sources in order to make sure the facts are precise. There is no room of inaccuracy. Its purpose is to make sure one check on the quality of the research which is intended to be used and there should be use of the most reliable. The characteristic advocate that before a writer focuses on an essay one should search the source of the material that is to be used in the academic writing.Further, there should be a wider respond to the scholars claim on the given facts on a given subject. This could be achieved through relating to various authors work on the same subject. Critically engaged. This characteristic helps individuals to focus on the point of the subject that they are writing about and the source material. One should write about their thoughts and tell the readers on their thought on the subject. Critically engaged means to be focused on the subject that one is writing about. The writer should be able to provide the evidence as well as justification for any claim they make. It is the responsibility of the writer to demonstrate an understanding of any sources text that are used in the academic writing. The purpose of this characteristic is to give precision to the writer to focus on the subject topic they are doing research on. It should be common for the student writing an essay or perhaps an academic report to focus on the need to engaging more critical to the source material for the research. References. This characteristic advocate that the academic writing should be treated with the responsibility. In everything, which is stated in the essay or the subject, topic should be accompanied by use of proof as well as justification and no assumptions should be given. The purpose of the characteristic in the academic writing is to encourage individuals to indicate the sources for the materials that are used in the research. The references of the materials used should be clearly provided as sources are important component for the any given research. Justifying means why you do or perhaps you do agree with what a given author had said and providing references correctly. Persuasive in nature. The author of the academic writing is responsible to make the subject topic that is being research as persuasive and explicit as much as possible.It should be clear and highlight how various parts of the text are connected between them and why they are relevant for the central theme. The purpose of this characteristic is to encourage the author to be creative in whatever they write and provide all the relevant facts on a given subject to pursue the readers on their point of view on the matter. This could be achieved through use of the signaling words. Analyzes of the role of critical thinking to the development of the characteristics. The critical thinking has conveyed common suggestions of what it really all involves. It bears remained an idea over which there have been significantly doubt and opposition about what it includes precisely how it bears exhibited. In broad critical thinking is thought of as the cognitive skill which connect with the rational prudence. With regards to academic writing it really is considered when it comes to the capabilities or maybe the skills such as selection, analysis, evaluation, inference and judgment. When critical thinking continues to be used on academic writing the above capabilities are generally stated via the means of argumentation, producing an argument for instance the essay. The argument that is designed needs to be formal in nature. The argument is widely seen as the primary exposition of the critical thinking. Many student deficiencies is the comprehension of the implementation of provision of formal argument. A number of the students believe argumentation signifies the display of their original view or perhaps opinion since they desire. An additional misunderstanding is the fact argumentation is normally displayed mainly through adversarial stance in academic writing, by overtly demeaning the study of the scholar or claims .Critical thinking can help one to be formal in their academic work through having a recording of their progress work in their worksheet. The progress blogs are ways in which the student could write down on their achievements and struggles in writing the academic essays or dissertation. The use of notes help the students in their plans, and the changes they could make in the event of writing. Formality in writing encompasses giving of critique and feedback from the other students on ones work so that they can work on it better. The critical thinking helps one to think about the tone of the writing and make simple changes to the phrases. Critical thinking helps one to have objective perspective. It is the key criterion for the high scoring essay. It is through being a critical thinker can one know in academic writing ones personal opinion should be used to minimal. The author focusses on the main theme and offer on the information about it, without getting involved with the personal matters. Critical thinking helps one to differentiate between the personal opinion and the main theme of the topic under research. In academic writing the authors tends to use nouns rather than the verbs in writing on the offer information of the research. Critical thinking helps the students to respond on the wider scholarship claims to the work of different authors. This is achieved through helping them to evaluate on the line of reasoning. The author can identify the arguments from different authors contain all the reason in favor that are relevant and contribute to the subject under research. One could be able to determine the false premises starting from the point that is not proven or backed up to the evidence on the subject. Further, it helps in determining of flawed reasoning through false connection between the points. Critical thinking has enabled the individuals to be critically engaged. Engagement entails focusing on the source of the material that are used in the research. The aspect of critical thinking helps one to acquire principles and the competences to engage in the norm-regulated practices, which are usually the core of reasonable judgments to a given context in research. The students could therefore focus on the core aspect of research and leave any other material that is irrelevant. In any good research it gives credit to the source of the information in other words at the end of the research there is references. It is through critical thinking can one accompany the proof and the justification of the research. The aspect of justification agree or may not agree with what the author has said. Critical thinking enables one to evaluate any information through use of deductive reasoning and make decision whether it is true. The background knowledge on a subject is necessary but it is not sufficient condition to enable critical thought within the subject. It is through cognitive skills and disposition can one substantiate on the information of other author and make inferences. The critical thinking plays a significant role since it enables individuals to acquire persuasive characteristics and it helps to advocate on the use of the factual information and chart, which provides room for the interpretation. Through use of cognitive skills of critical thinking, it helps one to be precise and no room for inaccuracy. The information provided is persuasive in nature in that there is quality of the sources that has been used and it is most reliable. Conclusion Critical thinking is regarded as the ability that enable one to think rationally in order to connect different ideas. It all about reasoning and question on the ideas as well as assumptions rather than accepting the fact on a face value. The use of critical thinking has been applied to academic writing and has helped in developing some of characteristics such as formality, objectivity, responds to the wider scholarship claims, critically engaged, persuasiveness and references. The essay has focused on describing the purposes of these characteristic and analyzes of how critical thinking has been used to the development of the characteristics. In the academic writing, these characteristics need to comply with the strict of the requirement. They offer information on the subject under research and there primary purpose is to inform. Bibliography Baskerville, Richard L., and A. Trevor Wood-Harper. "A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research." In Enacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2, pp. 169-190. Springer International Publishing, 2016. Benesch, Sarah. Critical English for academic purposes. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2001. Dean, Martin J. "Collaborative preparation and critical thinking in academic writing." (2015). Dias, Patrick, Aviva Freedman, Peter Medway, and Anthony Par. Worlds apart: Acting and writing in academic and workplace contexts. Routledge, 2013. Facione, Peter, and Carol Ann Gittens. Think critically. Pearson, 2015. Fairclough, Norman. Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Routledge, 2013. Paltridge, Brian. "Genre and second-language academic writing." Language Teaching 47, no. 03 (2014): 303-318. Raedts, Mariet, Elke Van Steendam, Luc De Grez, Jef Hendrickx, and Chris Masui. "The effects of different types of video modelling on undergraduate students motivation and learning in an academic writing course." Journal of Writing Research nog geen DOI (2016). Rios, Manuel C., C. R. McConnell, and S. L. Brue. Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill, 2013. Slavin, Robert E., and Nicola Davis. "Educational psychology: Theory and practice." (2006). Staples, Shelley, Jesse Egbert, Douglas Biber, and Bethany Gray. "Academic Writing Development at the University Level Phrasal and Clausal Complexity Across Level of Study, Discipline, and Genre." Written Communication 33, no. 2 (2016): 149-183. Van Hoorn, Judith, Patricia Monighan Nourot, Barbara Scales, and Keith Rodriguez Alward. Play at the center of the curriculum. Pearson Higher Ed, 2014.